Tazewell County, VA

County

Add Comparison

Population

42,080

1.43% 1-year decline

US Senator

Mark Warner

Democratic Party

US Senator

Tim Kaine

Democratic Party

Median Age

44.9

Poverty Rate

16.1%

Median Household Income

$40,978

1.66% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$95,300

1.24% 1-year decline

Number of Employees

15,604

3.9% 1-year decline

About

In 2018, Tazewell County, VA had a population of 42.1k people with a median age of 44.9 and a median household income of $40,978. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Tazewell County, VA declined from 42,689 to 42,080, a -1.43% decrease and its median household income grew from $40,309 to $40,978, a 1.66% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Tazewell County, VA are White (Non-Hispanic) (93.9%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (3.22%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (0.882%), White (Hispanic) (0.753%), and Asian (Non-Hispanic) (0.646%). 0% of the people in Tazewell County, VA speak a non-English language, and 99.3% are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Tazewell County, VA are Southwest Virginia Community College (482 degrees awarded in 2019) and Bluefield College (388 degrees).

In 2018, the median property value in Tazewell County, VA was $95,300, and the homeownership rate was 75.8%. Most people in Tazewell County, VA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 23.8 minutes. The average car ownership in Tazewell County, VA was 2 cars per household.

Tazewell County, VA borders Bland County, VA, Buchanan County, VA, Russell County, VA, Smyth County, VA, McDowell County, WV, and Mercer County, WV.

United States Virginia Bluefield, WV-VA

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Virginia. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Virginia, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Virginia (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

Start Year

Y-Axis

-5.78%

Year-over-year decline

Employment change between November 2019 and November 2020

As of November 2020, there are 145M people employed in Virginia. This represents a -5.78% decrease in employment when compared to November 2019.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Virginia.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Virginia across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Tazewell County, VA went to Donald J. Trump with 81.7% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (15.6%), followed by Other (2.71%). The most partisan county was Petersburg city, VA with 87.2% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

Mark Warner and Tim Kaine are the senators currently representing the state of Virginia. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Virginia is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (81.7%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (15.6%)
Democratic Party
Other (2.71%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Virginia went to Donald J. Trump with 81.7% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (15.6%), followed by Other (2.71%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Virginia for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Virginia.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Tazewell County, VA

81.7% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in Virginia

Petersburg city, VA
87.2% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Bland County, VA
82% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Tazewell County, VA
81.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Virginia was Petersburg city, VA with 87.2% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

The following map shows the counties in Virginia colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Virginia

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

Mark Warner

Senator from Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2009

Tim Kaine

Senator from Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Mark Warner and Tim Kaine are the senators currently representing Virginia.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Virginia over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Virginia

Virginia is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Virginia have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Tazewell County, VA is home to a population of 42.1k people, from which 99.3% are citizens. As of 2018, 0.953% of Tazewell County, VA residents were born outside of the country (401 people).

In 2018, there were 29.1 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (39.5k people) in Tazewell County, VA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 1.36k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 371 Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Tazewell County, VA

White (Non-Hispanic)
39.5k ± 5
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
1.36k ± 130
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
371 ± 129

0.972%

Hispanic Population

409 people

0.972% of the people in Tazewell County, VA are hispanic (409 people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Tazewell County, VA as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

0.953%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

401 people

0.989%

2017 Foreign-Born Population

422 people

As of 2018, 0.953% of Tazewell County, VA residents (401 people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2017, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Tazewell County, VA was 0.989%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Tazewell County, VA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.3

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 1.6

In 2018, the median age of all people in Tazewell County, VA was 44.9. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 45, were generally older than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 35. But people in Tazewell County, VA are getting getting older. In 2017, the average age of all Tazewell County, VA residents was 44.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

Most Common Origin

El Salvador
110,628 ± 8,112 people
India
90,134 ± 7,331 people
Mexico
55,497 ± 5,765 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Virginia was El Salvador, the natal country of 110,628 Virginia residents, followed by India with 90,134 and Mexico with 55,497.

Citizenship

99.3%

2018 Citizenship

99.3%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 99.3% of Tazewell County, VA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Tazewell County, VA was 99.3%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Tazewell County, VA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
1,025 ± 173
Korea
250 ± 95
Gulf War (2001-)
224 ± 126

Tazewell County, VA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 4.1 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Tazewell County, VA is $40,978. In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income in Tazewell County, VA was Census Tract 206 with a value of $50,417, followed by Census Tract 211 and Census Tract 207, with respective values of $49,640 and $43,185.

Males in Virginia have an average income that is 1.34 times higher than the average income of females, which is $58,617. The income inequality in Virginia (measured using the Gini index) is 0.479, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Tazewell County, VA employs 15.6k people. The largest industries in Tazewell County, VA are Health Care & Social Assistance (2,763 people), Retail Trade (2,108 people), and Educational Services (1,568 people), and the highest paying industries are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($74,630), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($63,008), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($46,667).

Wages

Median Household Income

$40,978

2018 value

± $1,974

1.66%

1 Year Growth

± 6.61%

Households in Tazewell County, VA have a median annual income of $40,978, which is less than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $40,309 in 2017, which represents a 1.66% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Tazewell County, VA compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

$78,421

Average Male Salary in Virginia

± $1,407

$58,617

Average Female Salary in Virginia

± $1,090

In 2019, full-time male employees in Virginia made 1.34 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Virginia by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Virginia

Asian
$72,838 ± $3,429
White
$64,618 ± $1,052
Two or More Races
$51,601 ± $4,191

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Virginia workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.13 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Virginia.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Virginia by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Tazewell County, VA is from Virginia.

0.479

2019 Wage GINI in Virginia

0.479

2018 Wage GINI in Virginia

In 2019, the income inequality in Virginia was 0.479 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.00766% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Virginia was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Virginia in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Virginia across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 206
Census Tract 211
Census Tract 207

In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Tazewell County, VA was Census Tract 206 with a value of $50,417, followed by Census Tract 211 and Census Tract 207, with respective values of $49,640 and $43,185.

The following map shows all of the tracts in Tazewell County, VA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

16.1% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Tazewell County, VA (6.55k out of 40.6k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 55 - 64 and then Females 18 - 24.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
6,114 ± 501
Black
281 ± 146
Two Or More
75 ± 114

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Tazewell County, VA is White, followed by Black and Two Or More.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

15.6k

2018 Value

± 873

-3.9%

1 Year decline

± 8.31%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Tazewell County, VA declined at a rate of -3.9%, from 16.2k employees to 15.6k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Tazewell County, VA, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (1,734 people), Sales & Related Occupations (1,652 people), and Construction & Extraction Occupations (1,404 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Tazewell County, VA.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Tazewell County, VA, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (1,734 people), Sales & Related Occupations (1,652 people), and Construction & Extraction Occupations (1,404 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Tazewell County, VA has an unusually high number of residents working as Law Enforcement Workers Including Supervisors (2.76 times higher than expected), Health Technologists & Technicians (1.85 times), and Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Occupations (1.83 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Tazewell County, VA, by median earnings, are Legal Occupations ($102,500), Architecture & Engineering Occupations ($60,769), and Management Occupations ($54,167).

Industries

Employment by Industries

15.6k

2018 Value

± 873

-3.9%

1 Year decline

± 8.31%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Tazewell County, VA declined at a rate of -3.9%, from 16.2k employees to 15.6k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Tazewell County, VA, are Health Care & Social Assistance (2,763 people), Retail Trade (2,108 people), and Educational Services (1,568 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Tazewell County, VA, though some of these residents may live in Tazewell County, VA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Tazewell County, VA, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (2,763 people), Retail Trade (2,108 people), and Educational Services (1,568 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Tazewell County, VA has an unusually high number of Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction (11.5 times higher than expected), Utilities (2.21 times), and Real Estate & Rental & Leasing (1.52 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Tazewell County, VA, by median earnings, are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($74,630), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($63,008), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($46,667).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Virginia to other states, or from other states to Virginia.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2015, the top outbound Virginia product (by dollars) was Mixed freight with $27.5B, followed by Motorized vehicles ($26B) and Electronics ($22.4B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Virginia products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Virginia.

$254B

2015 Value in Virginia

$373B

Projected 2045 Value in Virginia

46.7% growth

In 2015, total outbound Virginia trade was $254B. This is expected to increase 46.7% to $373B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Virginia trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Virginia to other states, or from other states to Virginia.

Most Common Trade Partners

Maryland
$23.4B
North Carolina
$12.9B
Pennsylvania
$11.1B

In 2015, the top outbound Virginia domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Maryland with $23.4B, followed by North Carolina with $12.9B and Pennsylvania and $11.1B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Virginia shares with each state (excluding itself).

Education

In 2019, universities in Tazewell County, VA awarded 870 degrees. The student population of Tazewell County, VA is skewed towards women, with 1,340 male students and 2,154 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Tazewell County, VA are White (711 and 82.7%), followed by Black or African American (60 and 6.98%), Asian (33 and 3.84%), and Hispanic or Latino (23 and 2.67%).

The largest universities in Tazewell County, VA by number of degrees awarded are Southwest Virginia Community College (482 and 55.4%) and Bluefield College (388 and 44.6%).

The most popular majors in Tazewell County, VA are Liberal Arts & Sciences (130 and 14.9%), General Biomedical Sciences (108 and 12.4%), and Registered Nursing (54 and 6.21%).

The median tuition costs in Tazewell County, VA are $25,256 for private four year colleges, and $N/A and $N/A respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

Liberal Arts & Sciences
130 degree-majorss awarded
Registered Nursing
54 degree-majorss awarded
Occupational Therapist Assistant
20 degree-majorss awarded

In 2015, the most common concentation for Associates Degree recipients in Tazewell County, VA was Liberal Arts & Sciences with 130 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Associates Degree from schools in Tazewell County, VA according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Southwest Virginia Community College
482 degrees awarded
Bluefield College
388 degrees awarded

$N/A

Median In-State Public

$25,256

Median Private

In 2019, the Tazewell County, VA institution with the largest number of graduating students was Southwest Virginia Community College with 482 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

319

Degrees Awarded to Men

551

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 319 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Tazewell County, VA, which is 0.579 times less than the 551 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Tazewell County, VA by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
711 degrees awarded
Black or African American
60 degrees awarded
Asian
33 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Tazewell County, VA was White students. These 711 degrees mean that there were 11.8 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 60 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Tazewell County, VA was $95,300 in 2018, which is 0.415 times smaller than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $96,500 to $95,300, a 1.24% decrease. The homeownership rate in Tazewell County, VA is 75.8%, which is higher than the national average of 63.9%. People in Tazewell County, VA have an average commute time of 23.8 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Tazewell County, VA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$95,300

2018 Median

± $3,450

$96,500

2017 Median

± $3,973

In 2018, the median property value in Tazewell County, VA declined from to $95,300 from the previous year's value of $96,500.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Tazewell County, VA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Tazewell County, VA the largest share of households have a property value in the $100k - $125k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$40,978

Median Household Income

± $1,974

17k

Number of Households

± 886

In 2018, the median household income of the 17k households in Tazewell County, VA grew to $40,978 from the previous year's value of $40,309.

The following chart displays the households in Tazewell County, VA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

< $800

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Tazewell County, VA distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Tazewell County, VA the largest share of households pay taxes in the < $800 range.

Rent vs Own

75.8%

2018 Homeownership

76.8%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 75.8% of the housing units in Tazewell County, VA were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 76.8%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Tazewell County, VA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

23.8 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Tazewell County, VA have a shorter commute time (23.8 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.3 minutes). Additionally, 2.72% of the workforce in Tazewell County, VA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Tazewell County, VA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2018

Drove Alone (85.9%)
Carpooled (8.33%)
Worked At Home (4.15%)

In 2018, 85.9% of workers in Tazewell County, VA drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (8.33%) and those who worked at home (4.15%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Tazewell County, VA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Tazewell County, VA have 2 cars, followed by 3 cars.

Health

89.4% of the population of Tazewell County, VA has health coverage, with 40.6% on employee plans, 16.6% on Medicaid, 18.8% on Medicare, 11.7% on non-group plans, and 1.65% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Virginia was $7,556 in 2014. This is a 3.42% increase from the previous year ($7,306).

Primary care physicians in Tazewell County, VA see 1857 patients per year on average, which represents a 22% increase from the previous year (1522 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 2388 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 489 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Nottoway County and Bristol city have the highest prevalence of diabetes (22.5%). Additionally, King and Queen County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (48.7%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

1,857 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Tazewell County, VA

Primary care physicians in Tazewell County, VA see an average of 1,857 patients per year. This represents a 22% increase from the previous year (1,522 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Tazewell County, VA in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

$7,556

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Virginia

$4,218

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$7,361

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$9,677

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Virginia (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 3.42%, from $7,306 to $7,556.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

10.6%

Uninsured

40.6%

Employer Coverage

16.6%

Medicaid

18.8%

Medicare

11.7%

Non-Group

1.65%

Military or VA

Between 2017 and 2018, the percent of uninsured citizens in Tazewell County, VA declined by 10.8% from 11.9% to 10.6%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Tazewell County, VA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.