Roanoke County, VA

County

Add Comparison

Population

93,583

0.176% 1-year growth

US Senator

Mark Warner

Democratic Party

US Senator

Tim Kaine

Democratic Party

Median Age

43.6

Poverty Rate

7.4%

Median Household Income

$65,467

5.36% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$194,800

1.41% 1-year growth

Number of Employees

45,700

0.872% 1-year growth

About

In 2018, Roanoke County, VA had a population of 93.6k people with a median age of 43.6 and a median household income of $65,467. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Roanoke County, VA grew from 93,419 to 93,583, a 0.176% increase and its median household income grew from $62,134 to $65,467, a 5.36% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Roanoke County, VA are White (Non-Hispanic) (86.2%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (5.65%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (2.89%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.18%), and White (Hispanic) (2.03%). NaNk% of the people in Roanoke County, VA speak a non-English language, and 97.9% are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Roanoke County, VA are Hollins University (237 degrees awarded in 2017) and Miller-Motte Technical College-Roanoke (225 degrees).

The median property value in Roanoke County, VA is $194,800, and the homeownership rate is 74.1%. Most people in Roanoke County, VA commute by Drove Alone, and the average commute time is 21.9 minutes. The average car ownership in Roanoke County, VA is 2 cars per household.

Roanoke County, VA borders Bedford County, VA, Botetourt County, VA, Craig County, VA, Floyd County, VA, Franklin County, VA, Montgomery County, VA, Salem city, VA, and Roanoke city, VA.

Photo by Donnie Nunley

United States Virginia Roanoke, VA

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Virginia. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Virginia, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Virginia (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

Start Year

Y-Axis

-5.78%

Year-over-year decline

Employment change between November 2019 and November 2020

As of November 2020, there are 145M people employed in Virginia. This represents a -5.78% decrease in employment when compared to November 2019.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Virginia.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Virginia across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Roanoke County, VA went to Donald J. Trump with 61% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (33.4%), followed by Other (5.6%). The most partisan county was Petersburg city, VA with 87.2% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

Mark Warner and Tim Kaine are the senators currently representing the state of Virginia. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Virginia is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (61%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (33.4%)
Democratic Party
Other (5.6%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Virginia went to Donald J. Trump with 61% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (33.4%), followed by Other (5.6%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Virginia for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Virginia.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Roanoke County, VA

61% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in Virginia

Petersburg city, VA
87.2% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Bland County, VA
82% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Tazewell County, VA
81.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Virginia was Petersburg city, VA with 87.2% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

The following map shows the counties in Virginia colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Virginia

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

Mark Warner

Senator from Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2009

Tim Kaine

Senator from Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Mark Warner and Tim Kaine are the senators currently representing Virginia.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Virginia over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Virginia

Virginia is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Virginia have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Roanoke County, VA is home to a population of 93.6k people, from which 97.9% are citizens. As of 2018, 5.19% of Roanoke County, VA residents were born outside of the country (4.86k people).

In 2018, there were 15.2 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (80.6k people) in Roanoke County, VA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 5.29k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 2.71k Asian (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Roanoke County, VA

White (Non-Hispanic)
80.6k ± 64
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
5.29k ± 249
Asian (Non-Hispanic)
2.71k ± 338

2.92%

Hispanic Population

2.73k people

2.92% of the people in Roanoke County, VA are hispanic (2.73k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Roanoke County, VA as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

5.19%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

4.86k people

5.49%

2017 Foreign-Born Population

5.13k people

As of 2018, 5.19% of Roanoke County, VA residents (4.86k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2017, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Roanoke County, VA was 5.49%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Roanoke County, VA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.4

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 3.4

In 2018, the median age of all people in Roanoke County, VA was 43.6. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 44, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 44. But people in Roanoke County, VA are getting getting younger. In 2017, the average age of all Roanoke County, VA residents was 44.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

Most Common Origin

El Salvador
110,628 ± 8,112 people
India
90,134 ± 7,331 people
Mexico
55,497 ± 5,765 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Virginia was El Salvador, the natal country of 110,628 Virginia residents, followed by India with 90,134 and Mexico with 55,497.

Citizenship

97.9%

2018 Citizenship

97.8%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 97.9% of Roanoke County, VA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Roanoke County, VA was 97.8%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Roanoke County, VA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,293 ± 269
Gulf War (2001-)
1,396 ± 288
Gulf War (1990s)
879 ± 233

Roanoke County, VA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.64 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Roanoke County, VA is $65,467. In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income in Roanoke County, VA was Census Tract 307.01 with a value of $94,375, followed by Census Tract 306 and Census Tract 305, with respective values of $93,906 and $93,476.

Males in Virginia have an average income that is 1.34 times higher than the average income of females, which is $58,617. The income inequality in Virginia (measured using the Gini index) is 0.479, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Roanoke County, VA employs 45.7k people. The largest industries in Roanoke County, VA are Health Care & Social Assistance (7,952 people), Retail Trade (4,990 people), and Educational Services (4,286 people), and the highest paying industries are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($80,050), Utilities ($72,557), and Information ($60,139).

Wages

Median Household Income

$65,467

2018 value

± $2,229

5.36%

1 Year Growth

± 4.15%

Households in Roanoke County, VA have a median annual income of $65,467, which is more than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $62,134 in 2017, which represents a 5.36% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Roanoke County, VA compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

$78,421

Average Male Salary in Virginia

± $1,407

$58,617

Average Female Salary in Virginia

± $1,090

In 2019, full-time male employees in Virginia made 1.34 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Virginia by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Virginia

Asian
$72,838 ± $3,429
White
$64,618 ± $1,052
Two or More Races
$51,601 ± $4,191

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Virginia workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.13 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Virginia.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Virginia by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Roanoke County, VA is from Virginia.

0.479

2019 Wage GINI in Virginia

0.479

2018 Wage GINI in Virginia

In 2019, the income inequality in Virginia was 0.479 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.00766% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Virginia was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Virginia in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Virginia across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 307.01
Census Tract 306
Census Tract 305

In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Roanoke County, VA was Census Tract 307.01 with a value of $94,375, followed by Census Tract 306 and Census Tract 305, with respective values of $93,906 and $93,476.

The following map shows all of the tracts in Roanoke County, VA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 55 - 64

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

7.4% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Roanoke County, VA (6.75k out of 91.2k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 55 - 64, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Females 45 - 54.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
5,578 ± 567
Black
595 ± 179
Two Or More
380 ± 205

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Roanoke County, VA is White, followed by Black and Two Or More.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

45.7k

2018 Value

± 1,497

0.872%

1 Year growth

± 4.52%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Roanoke County, VA grew at a rate of 0.872%, from 45.3k employees to 45.7k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Roanoke County, VA, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (6,037 people), Sales & Related Occupations (4,837 people), and Management Occupations (4,775 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Roanoke County, VA.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Roanoke County, VA, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (6,037 people), Sales & Related Occupations (4,837 people), and Management Occupations (4,775 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Roanoke County, VA has an unusually high number of residents working as Community & Social Service Occupations (1.64 times higher than expected), Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations (1.57 times), and Fire Fighting & Prevention, & Other Protective Service Workers Including Supervisors (1.32 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Roanoke County, VA, by median earnings, are Legal Occupations ($90,714), Architecture & Engineering Occupations ($81,250), and Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations ($70,426).

Industries

Employment by Industries

45.7k

2018 Value

± 1,497

0.872%

1 Year growth

± 4.52%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Roanoke County, VA grew at a rate of 0.872%, from 45.3k employees to 45.7k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Roanoke County, VA, are Health Care & Social Assistance (7,952 people), Retail Trade (4,990 people), and Educational Services (4,286 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Roanoke County, VA, though some of these residents may live in Roanoke County, VA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Roanoke County, VA, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (7,952 people), Retail Trade (4,990 people), and Educational Services (4,286 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Roanoke County, VA has an unusually high number of Finance & Insurance (1.48 times higher than expected), Health Care & Social Assistance (1.25 times), and Wholesale Trade (1.25 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Roanoke County, VA, by median earnings, are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($80,050), Utilities ($72,557), and Information ($60,139).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Virginia to other states, or from other states to Virginia.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2015, the top outbound Virginia product (by dollars) was Mixed freight with $27.5B, followed by Motorized vehicles ($26B) and Electronics ($22.4B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Virginia products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Virginia.

$254B

2015 Value in Virginia

$373B

Projected 2045 Value in Virginia

46.7% growth

In 2015, total outbound Virginia trade was $254B. This is expected to increase 46.7% to $373B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Virginia trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Virginia to other states, or from other states to Virginia.

Most Common Trade Partners

Maryland
$23.4B
North Carolina
$12.9B
Pennsylvania
$11.1B

In 2015, the top outbound Virginia domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Maryland with $23.4B, followed by North Carolina with $12.9B and Pennsylvania and $11.1B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Virginia shares with each state (excluding itself).

Education

In 2017, universities in Roanoke County, VA awarded 462 degrees. The student population of Roanoke County, VA is skewed towards women, with 39 male students and 826 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Roanoke County, VA are White (300 and 66.4%), followed by Black or African American (94 and 20.8%), Two or More Races (16 and 3.54%), and Hispanic or Latino (14 and 3.1%).

The largest universities in Roanoke County, VA by number of degrees awarded are Hollins University (237 and 51.3%) and Miller-Motte Technical College-Roanoke (225 and 48.7%).

The most popular majors in Roanoke County, VA are Nursing Assistant & Patient Care Assistant (141 and 30.5%), Medical Assistant (38 and 8.23%), and General English Language & Literature (33 and 7.14%).

The median tuition costs in Roanoke County, VA are $37,650 for private four year colleges, and $N/A and $N/A respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Biological Sciences
19 degree-majorss awarded
General Business
19 degree-majorss awarded
General English Language & Literature
33 degree-majorss awarded

In 2015, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Roanoke County, VA was General Biological Sciences with 19 degree-majorss awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Roanoke County, VA according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Hollins University
237 degrees awarded
Miller-Motte Technical College-Roanoke
225 degrees awarded

$N/A

Median In-State Public

$37,650

Median Private

In 2017, the Roanoke County, VA institution with the largest number of graduating students was Hollins University with 237 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

Degrees Awarded to Men

420

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2017, 42 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Roanoke County, VA, which is 0.1 times less than the 420 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Roanoke County, VA by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
300 degrees awarded
Black or African American
94 degrees awarded
Two or More Races
16 degrees awarded

In 2017 the majority of degrees awarded at institutions in Roanoke County, VA were to White students. These 300 degrees mean that there were 3.19 times more White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 94 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Roanoke County, VA was $194,800 in 2018, which is 0.848 times smaller than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $192,100 to $194,800, a 1.41% increase. The homeownership rate in Roanoke County, VA is 74.1%, which is higher than the national average of 63.9%. People in Roanoke County, VA have an average commute time of 21.9 minutes, and they commute by Drove Alone. Car ownership in Roanoke County, VA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$194,800

2018 Median

± $3,037

$192,100

2017 Median

± $3,218

In 2018, the median property value in Roanoke County, VA grew to to $194,800 from the previous year's value of $192,100.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Roanoke County, VA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Roanoke County, VA the largest share of households have a property value in the N/A range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$65,467

Median Household Income

± $2,229

38.3k

Number of Households

± 1,262

In 2018, the median household income of the 38.3k households in Roanoke County, VA grew to $65,467 from the previous year's value of $62,134.

The following chart displays the households in Roanoke County, VA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

$800 - $1,499

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Roanoke County, VA distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Roanoke County, VA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

Rent vs Own

74.1%

2018 Homeownership

74.8%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 74.1% of the housing units in Roanoke County, VA were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 74.8%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Roanoke County, VA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

21.9 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Roanoke County, VA have a shorter commute time (21.9 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.3 minutes). Additionally, 1.81% of the workforce in Roanoke County, VA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Roanoke County, VA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Method of Travel

Drove Alone
86%
Carpooled
6.62%
Worked At Home
5.32%

In 2018, the most common method of travel for workers in Roanoke County, VA was Drove Alone (86%), followed by those who Carpooled (6.62%) and those who Worked At Home (5.32%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Roanoke County, VA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Roanoke County, VA have 2 cars, followed by 3 cars.

Health

94.7% of the population of Roanoke County, VA has health coverage, with 56.2% on employee plans, 6.43% on Medicaid, 16.6% on Medicare, 13.4% on non-group plans, and 2.01% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Virginia was $7,556 in 2014. This is a 3.42% increase from the previous year ($7,306).

Primary care physicians in Roanoke County, VA see 828 patients per year on average, which represents a 2.48% increase from the previous year (808 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1161 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 446 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Halifax County and Mecklenburg County have the highest prevalence of diabetes (15.6%). Additionally, Petersburg city has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (45.3%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

828 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Roanoke County, VA

Primary care physicians in Roanoke County, VA see an average of 828 patients per year. This represents a 2.48% increase from the previous year (808 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Roanoke County, VA in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

$7,556

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Virginia

$4,218

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$7,361

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$9,677

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Virginia (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 3.42%, from $7,306 to $7,556.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

5.33%

Uninsured

56.2%

Employer Coverage

6.43%

Medicaid

16.6%

Medicare

13.4%

Non-Group

2.01%

Military or VA

Between 2017 and 2018, the percent of uninsured citizens in Roanoke County, VA declined by 10.7% from 5.96% to 5.33%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Roanoke County, VA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.