Elko County, NV

County

Add Comparison

2019 Population

52,297

0.0861% 1-year growth

US Senator

Catherine Cortez Masto

Democratic Party

US Senator

Jacky Rosen

Democratic Party

2019 Median Age

34.1

0.59% 1-year increase

2019 Poverty Rate

11.7%

1.69% 1-year decrease

2019 Median Household Income

$81,232

5.21% 1-year growth

2019 Median Property Value

$212,500

5.83% 1-year growth

2019 Employed Population

26,168

0.0115% 1-year decline

About

In 2019, Elko County, NV had a population of 52.3k people with a median age of 34.1 and a median household income of $81,232. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Elko County, NV grew from 52,252 to 52,297, a 0.0861% increase and its median household income grew from $77,209 to $81,232, a 5.21% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Elko County, NV are White (Non-Hispanic) (66.7%), White (Hispanic) (18.9%), American Indian & Alaska Native (Non-Hispanic) (6.1%), Other (Hispanic) (4.58%), and Asian (Non-Hispanic) (1.12%). 0% of the households in Elko County, NV speak a non-English language at home as their primary language.

95.4% of the residents in Elko County, NV are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Elko County, NV are Great Basin College (821 degrees awarded in 2019).

In 2019, the median property value in Elko County, NV was $212,500, and the homeownership rate was 71.2%. Most people in Elko County, NV drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 29.2 minutes. The average car ownership in Elko County, NV was 2 cars per household.

Elko County, NV borders Cassia County, ID, Owyhee County, ID, Twin Falls County, ID, Eureka County, NV, Humboldt County, NV, Lander County, NV, White Pine County, NV, Box Elder County, UT, and Tooele County, UT.

United States Nevada Elko, NV

Diversity

Elko County, NV is home to a population of 52.3k people, from which 95.4% are citizens. As of 2019, 8.6% of Elko County, NV residents were born outside of the country (4.5k people).

In 2019, there were 3.53 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (34.9k people) in Elko County, NV than any other race or ethnicity. There were 9.89k White (Hispanic) and 3.19k American Indian & Alaska Native (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Elko County, NV

White (Non-Hispanic)
34.9k ± 58
White (Hispanic)
9.89k ± 640
American Indian & Alaska Native (Non-Hispanic)
3.19k ± 171

24.4%

Hispanic Population

12.8k people

24.4% of the people in Elko County, NV are hispanic (12.8k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Elko County, NV as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

8.6%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

4.5k people

8.83%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

4.62k people

As of 2019, 8.6% of Elko County, NV residents (4.5k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2018, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Elko County, NV was 8.83%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Elko County, NV compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.4

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 1.9

In 2019, the median age of all people in Elko County, NV was 34.1. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 33, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 45. But people in Elko County, NV are getting getting older. In 2018, the average age of all Elko County, NV residents was 34.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Nevada.

Most Common Origin

Mexico
225,147 ± 11,200 people
Philippines
87,702 ± 7,163 people
El Salvador
26,538 ± 3,982 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Nevada was Mexico, the natal country of 225,147 Nevada residents, followed by Philippines with 87,702 and El Salvador with 26,538.

Citizenship

95.4%

2019 Citizenship

94.6%

2018 Citizenship

As of 2019, 95.4% of Elko County, NV residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2018, the percentage of US citizens in Elko County, NV was 94.6%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Elko County, NV compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
952 ± 190
Gulf War (2001-)
789 ± 237
Gulf War (1990s)
450 ± 166

Elko County, NV has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.21 times greater than any other conflict.

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Nevada. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Nevada, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

View Full Dashboard

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Nevada.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Nevada (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

View Full Dashboard

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Nevada.

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in Nevada. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Nevada.

View Full Dashboard

Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Nevada.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Nevada across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

View Full Dashboard

Economy

Median household income in Elko County, NV is $81,232. In 2019, the tract with the highest median household income in Elko County, NV was Census Tract 9512.01 with a value of $111,136, followed by Census Tract 9507.01 and Census Tract 9514.02, with respective values of $102,309 and $98,489.

Males in Nevada have an average income that is 1.28 times higher than the average income of females, which is $48,024. The income inequality in Nevada (measured using the Gini index) is 0.448, which is lower than than the national average.

The economy of Elko County, NV employs 26.2k people. The largest industries in Elko County, NV are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction (6,322 people), Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation (2,797 people), and Retail Trade (2,603 people), and the highest paying industries are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($86,439), Utilities ($85,430), and Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($85,245).

Wages

Median Household Income

$81,232

2019 value

± $5,301

5.21%

1 Year Growth

± 7.78%

Households in Elko County, NV have a median annual income of $81,232, which is more than the median annual income of $65,712 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $77,209 in 2018, which represents a 5.21% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Elko County, NV compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Nevada.

$61,636

Average Male Salary in Nevada

± $2,040

$48,024

Average Female Salary in Nevada

± $1,554

In 2019, full-time male employees in Nevada made 1.28 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Nevada by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Nevada.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Nevada

White
$53,994 ± $1,609
Asian
$47,565 ± $3,669
Two or More Races
$40,897 ± $4,644

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Nevada workers was White. These workers were paid 1.14 times more than Asian workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Nevada.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Nevada by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Elko County, NV is from Nevada.

0.448

2019 Wage GINI in Nevada

0.446

2018 Wage GINI in Nevada

In 2019, the income inequality in Nevada was 0.448 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.412% growth from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Nevada was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Nevada in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Nevada across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 9512.01
Census Tract 9507.01
Census Tract 9514.02

In 2019, the tract with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Elko County, NV was Census Tract 9512.01 with a value of $111,136, followed by Census Tract 9507.01 and Census Tract 9514.02, with respective values of $102,309 and $98,489.

The following map shows all of the tracts in Elko County, NV colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

11.7% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Elko County, NV (6.03k out of 51.5k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.3%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Males < 5 and then Females < 5.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
4,668 ± 576
Hispanic
1,493 ± 343
Native American
824 ± 143

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Elko County, NV is White, followed by Hispanic and Native American.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

26.2k

2019 Value

± 1,232

−0.0115%

1 Year decline

± 6.56%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Elko County, NV declined at a rate of −0.0115%, from 26.2k employees to 26.2k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Elko County, NV, are Construction & Extraction Occupations (3,656 people), Office & Administrative Support Occupations (2,805 people), and Management Occupations (2,445 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Elko County, NV.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Elko County, NV, by number of employees, are Construction & Extraction Occupations (3,656 people), Office & Administrative Support Occupations (2,805 people), and Management Occupations (2,445 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Elko County, NV has an unusually high number of residents working as Life, Physical, & Social Science Occupations (2.94 times higher than expected), Construction & Extraction Occupations (2.77 times), and Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Occupations (2.11 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Elko County, NV, by median earnings, are Legal Occupations ($98,125), Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Occupations ($82,092), and Construction & Extraction Occupations ($81,383).

Industries

Employment by Industries

26.2k

2019 Value

± 1,232

−0.0115%

1 Year decline

± 6.56%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Elko County, NV declined at a rate of −0.0115%, from 26.2k employees to 26.2k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Elko County, NV, are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction (6,322 people), Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation (2,797 people), and Retail Trade (2,603 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Elko County, NV, though some of these residents may live in Elko County, NV and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Elko County, NV, by number of employees, are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction (6,322 people), Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation (2,797 people), and Retail Trade (2,603 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Elko County, NV has an unusually high number of Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction (49 times higher than expected), Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation (4.83 times), and Management of Companies & Enterprises (1.19 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Elko County, NV, by median earnings, are Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($86,439), Utilities ($85,430), and Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($85,245).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Nevada to other states, or from other states to Nevada.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2018, the top outbound Nevada product (by dollars) was Textiles/leather with $14.5B, followed by Misc. mfg. prods. ($13.3B) and Mixed freight ($8.26B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Nevada products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Nevada.

$82.8B

2018 Value in Nevada

$156B

Projected 2045 Value in Nevada

88.2% growth

In 2018, total outbound Nevada trade was $82.8B. This is expected to increase 88.2% to $156B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Nevada trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Nevada to other states, or from other states to Nevada.

Most Common Trade Partners

California
$21.8B
Utah
$8.61B
Arizona
$3.89B

In 2018, the top outbound Nevada domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was California with $21.8B, followed by Utah with $8.61B and Arizona and $3.89B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Nevada shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Elko County, NV went to Donald J. Trump with 73% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (18.3%), followed by Other (8.66%). The most partisan county was Eureka County, NV with 84.7% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

Catherine Cortez Masto and Jacky Rosen are the senators currently representing the state of Nevada. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Nevada is currently represented by 4 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (73%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (18.3%)
Democratic Party
Other (8.66%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Nevada went to Donald J. Trump with 73% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (18.3%), followed by Other (8.66%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Nevada for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Nevada.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Elko County, NV

73% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in Nevada

Eureka County, NV
84.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Lincoln County, NV
78.4% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Esmeralda County, NV
77.8% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Nevada was Eureka County, NV with 84.7% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in Nevada colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Nevada

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Nevada.

Catherine Cortez Masto

Senator from Nevada

Assumed office on January 3, 2017

Jacky Rosen

Senator from Nevada

Assumed office on January 3, 2019

Catherine Cortez Masto and Jacky Rosen are the senators currently representing Nevada.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Nevada over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Nevada

Nevada is currently represented by 4 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Nevada have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2019, universities in Elko County, NV awarded 821 degrees. The student population of Elko County, NV is skewed towards women, with 1,365 male students and 2,487 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Elko County, NV are White (512 and 62.4%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (187 and 22.8%), Unknown (43 and 5.24%), and American Indian or Alaska Native (26 and 3.17%).

The largest universities in Elko County, NV by number of degrees awarded are Great Basin College (821 and 100%).

The most popular majors in Elko County, NV are Nursing Assistant & Patient Care Assistant (126 and 15.3%), Emergency Medical Technician (EMT Paramedic) (66 and 8.04%), and Liberal Arts & Sciences (63 and 7.67%).

The median tuition cost in Elko County, NV for a public four year colleges is $3,083 for in-state students and $10,438 for out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

Liberal Arts & Sciences
63 degree-majorss awarded
General Science Technology
37 degree-majorss awarded
Electrical, Electronic, & Communications Engineering Technology
31 degree-majorss awarded

In 2019, the most common concentation for Associates Degree recipients in Elko County, NV was Liberal Arts & Sciences with 63 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Associates Degree from schools in Elko County, NV according to their major.

Universities

Great Basin College

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

821 degrees awarded

$3,083

Median In-State Public

In 2019, the Elko County, NV institution with the largest number of graduating students was Great Basin College with 821 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

373

Degrees Awarded to Men

448

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 373 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Elko County, NV, which is 0.833 times less than the 448 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Elko County, NV by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
512 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
187 degrees awarded
Unknown
43 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Elko County, NV was White students. These 512 degrees mean that there were 2.74 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 187 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Elko County, NV was $212,500 in 2019, which is 0.884 times smaller than the national average of $240,500. Between 2018 and 2019 the median property value increased from $200,800 to $212,500, a 5.83% increase. The homeownership rate in Elko County, NV is 71.2%, which is higher than the national average of 64.1%. People in Elko County, NV have an average commute time of 29.2 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Elko County, NV is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$212,500

2019 Median

± $6,879

$200,800

2018 Median

± $7,634

In 2019, the median property value in Elko County, NV grew to to $212,500 from the previous year's value of $200,800.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Elko County, NV compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Elko County, NV the largest share of households have a property value in the $200k - $250k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$81,232

Median Household Income

± $5,301

18.1k

Number of Households

± 927

In 2019, the median household income of the 18.1k households in Elko County, NV grew to $81,232 from the previous year's value of $77,209.

The following chart displays the households in Elko County, NV distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

$800 - $1,499

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Elko County, NV distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Elko County, NV the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

Rent vs Own

71.2%

2019 Homeownership

72.3%

2018 Homeownership

In 2019, 71.2% of the housing units in Elko County, NV were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 72.3%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 64.1%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Elko County, NV compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

29.2 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Elko County, NV have a longer commute time (29.2 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.5 minutes). Additionally, 10.3% of the workforce in Elko County, NV have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Elko County, NV compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2019

Drove Alone (63.8%)
Carpooled (13.6%)
Public Transit (13.4%)

In 2019, 63.8% of workers in Elko County, NV drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (13.6%) and those who used public transit to get to work (13.4%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Elko County, NV distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Elko County, NV have 2 cars, followed by false.

Health

89.9% of the population of Elko County, NV has health coverage, with 63.8% on employee plans, 8.19% on Medicaid, 8.17% on Medicare, 8.56% on non-group plans, and 1.2% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Nevada was $6,714 in 2014. This is a 7% increase from the previous year ($6,275).

Primary care physicians in Elko County, NV see 2623 patients per year on average, which represents a 5.34% decrease from the previous year (2771 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 2111 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 1319 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Mineral County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (17.8%). Additionally, Pershing County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (39.2%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

2,623 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Elko County, NV

Primary care physicians in Elko County, NV see an average of 2,623 patients per year. This represents a 5.34% decrease from the previous year (2,771 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Elko County, NV in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Nevada.

$6,714

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Nevada

$3,417

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$5,484

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$10,796

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Nevada (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 7%, from $6,275 to $6,714.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

10.1%

Uninsured

63.8%

Employer Coverage

8.19%

Medicaid

8.17%

Medicare

8.56%

Non-Group

1.2%

Military or VA

Between 2018 and 2019, the percent of uninsured citizens in Elko County, NV grew by 1.42% from 9.93% to 10.1%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Elko County, NV changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.